OVERVIEW
Dyslipidemia is defined as having blood lipid levels that are too high or low. Blood lipids are fatty substances, such as triglycerides and cholesterol. Dyslipidemia may not always cause symptoms but it can lead to other conditions.
What is Dyslipidemia?
Dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids (fats) in the blood, such as cholesterol and triglycerides. It can lead to cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke, if not managed effectively.
Types
- Hypercholesterolemia: High LDL cholesterol, leading to plaque buildup in arteries.
- Hypertriglyceridemia: Excess triglycerides that can damage the pancreas and heart.
- Mixed Dyslipidemia: A combination of high LDL, low HDL, and elevated triglycerides.
- Low HDL Cholesterol: Insufficient “good” cholesterol, reducing heart protection.
Causes
- Primary (Genetic): Familial hypercholesterolemia or genetic mutations affecting lipid metabolism.
- Secondary (Acquired):
- Diet: High intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and refined sugars.
- Lifestyle: Sedentary habits, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Medical Conditions:
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Hypothyroidism.
- Chronic kidney disease.
- Medications: Steroids, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers.
Symptoms
Dyslipidemia is often silent, but severe cases may present:
- Xanthomas: Fatty deposits under the skin or tendons.
- Xanthelasma: Yellowish plaques near the eyes.
- Symptoms of related conditions, like:
- Chest pain (angina) from heart disease.
- Stroke symptoms due to blocked blood flow.
Diagnosis
- Lipid Profile Test: Measures total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
- Physical Examination: Identifies physical signs like xanthomas.
- Associated Tests:
- Blood sugar levels for diabetes.
- Thyroid function test for hypothyroidism.
- Kidney function test for chronic kidney disease.
